CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter includes a review of literature related to financial literacy, financial education, personal financial management, financial well-being, and work outcomes. Financial Literacy Financial literacy is a basic knowledge that people need in order to survive in a modern society A Literature Review on Investment Patterns of Salaried Women Employees 1Dr. S. Saravanan, 2Arun Kumar N 1Assistant Professor, 2Student Department of Management Studies, Anna University (BIT Campus), Tiruchirappalli, India Abstract: To avoid critical situations at any stage of their lives, women should start thinking and understand the significance Literature Review On Investments pool of multiple homework helpers who have done Masters in a specific degree. No matter if you ask us to do my math homework for me or do my programming homework, our homework helpers are always available Literature Review On Investments to provide the best homework solutions
(PDF) Information Technology Investments: A Literature Review | Ra'ed Masa'deh - blogger.com
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Log In with Facebook Log In with Google Sign Up with Apple. Remember me on this computer, literature review investments. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Information Technology Investments: A Literature Review. Ra'ed Masa'deh. Download PDF Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. Shannak, Associate Professor of MIS, Chairman of Department of MIS, Faculty of Business, University of Jordan,Amman, Jordan, rshannak ju.
masadeh ju. jo Bader Yousef Obeidat, literature review investments, Faculty of Business, The University of Jordan, Jordan, b. obeidat ju. This is to a certain extent due to the exclusion of IT-business partnership also known as IT-business strategic alignment.
Indeed, strategic alignment has emerged as one of the most important concern facing business and IT executives all over the world Raymond and Croteau,literature review investments, Johnson and Lederer, Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed literature review that both academics and practitioners can use in order to understand the resources required to realize the potential values of their IT investments.
It is hoped that the article will spark helpful discussion on the merits of continuous examination of IT investments. Keywords: Information Technology; IT-Business Partnership; Firm Performance; Evaluation of IT Investment. Introduction Firms invest heavily in IT such as hardware, software, network, and data components; in order to improve their performance Oana, literature review investments, However, literature review investments on the mixed findings of the linkage between IT spending and firm performance, some researchers in the MIS field point to IT-business alignment as a construct that can help organizations to improve the positive impact of IT on organizational performance e.
Henderson and Venkatraman, ; Luftmanet al. Furthermore, little empirical evidence has examined the relationship between strategic alignment and IT payoffs. Some researchers literature review investments shown that strategic alignment is correlated with firm performance Chan et al.
In other words, this paper sheds light on how firms can improve firm performance with IT investments. The conclusions of the study are then provided and areas for further research are also addressed. They seek to test the correlation between IT investment and economic performance e. Strassmann, ; Alpar and Kim, ; Weill, ; Brynjolfsson, ; Loverman, ; Brynjolfsson and Hitt, ; Brynjolfsson Yang, ; Hitt and Brynjolfsson, ; Strassmann, ; Mahmood et al.
Some researchers defined IT investment as including investments in computers, telecommunications, hardware, software, and services Dedrick et al. Also, Dedrick et al. At the country level, it refers to economic growth, labour productivity growth, and consumer welfare.
Economic growth is the rate of change in real output or gross domestic products GDPwhich is measured at the country level. Labour productivity growth or growth in output per worker is an evaluation of the efficient use of resources to create value.
Consumer welfare could be achieved when the economy provides lower-cost goods and services relative to the income of domestic consumers. Measures that spotlight the output of an industry sector like financial measures are used at the industry level, literature review investments. Also, at the firm literature review investments labour productivity growth and profitability are the metrics of economic performance. However, the main issue concerning researchers for a long time was assessing the business value and organizational impact of IT investment, and was applied using two main research approaches.
The first approach contains literatures that studied the direct linkage between IT investment and organizational performance at many diverse levels, as Bakos and Treacy suggested, such as the economy, industry, and firm levels. The second approach includes empirical studies, which tried to establish an indirect association between IT investment and organizational performance through some intermediary processes.
At the countrywide and industry levels, earlier studies did not recognize positive impacts from IT spending. Nevertheless, recent macroeconomic research has shown that IT investments impact upon labour productivity and economic growth. This is in part because IT takes a place in the investments proportion, literature review investments.
For instance, Roach studied the IT impact literature review investments productivity on information and production workers, literature review investments, and found that information worker productivity had neither decreased in some sectors, nor fluctuated with production worker productivity in the manufacturing sector.
However, he concluded that the tremendous increase in computerization had little effect on economic performance. Also, Baily and Chakrabarti showed no correlation between IT investments and productivity. They claimed that when production becomes gradually more information intensive, the relative productivity drops as a result of the declining IT price, thus, IT is a poor replacement for information workers. In addition, Loverman examined the period from to on some business units of a manufacturing sector and concluded that the contribution of IT capital investment to productivity as output is about zero.
Furthermore, he showed that the literature review investments dollar would be better employed if spent on non-IT input like non-IT capital, literature review investments. Also, Strassmann found no association between spending on computers and profits or productivity, literature review investments.
He concluded that it is not literature review investments much is spent on IT, but how IT assets are managed which makes the difference, literature review investments.
Kraemer and Dedrick noted a positive relationship between IT investment associated with GDP and productivity growth, based on a period from toin twelve Asian-Pacific states. Furthermore, they found in their study Kraemer and Dedrick, of forty-three states that the level of IT investment as a percentage of GDP was literature review investments statistically significant to productivity growth.
However, Litan and Rivlin found that the internet and electronic commerce contributed to productivity. A study of the Mexican banking industry in the period from to was conducted by Navarrette and Pick They used time series technique for eleven years to test the correlation between IT expenditure and three performance measures, namely net profits, return on assets ROAand return on equity ROE, literature review investments.
Thus, in their study the productivity paradox was rejected. Furthermore, at the firm level, some studies have failed to find a relationship between IT investment and firm profitability.
Markus and Soh tested the correlation between firm profitability and a set of IT- related variables like IT expenditure, extent of computerization, literature review investments, and proportion of IT services outsourced. They controlled for bank size and diversity of banking activities. They found that smaller banks achieved returns on their IT spending more than larger banks.
Nevertheless, when they considered a lagged IT expenditure accumulated over four years, they found that, within larger banks, the more extensive computerization was correlated with greater firm profitability than in smaller banks. However, Hitt and Brynjolfsson literature review investments that IT investments affected productivity and contributed to consumer welfare through better services and lower prices, but this did not necessarily improve profitability.
This was literature review investments productivity benefits passed to consumers through lower prices, literature review investments, and not directly to superior profitability.
Hitt and Brynjolfsson explained that the reason behind the non-improvement of business profitability from IT investment was that buyers decrease their costs for searching for low-cost products and services and selecting for new suppliers. Therefore, the lower price that buyers pay for products or services could reduce profitability.
Consequently, firms should try to protect their profitability by relying on business strategies like diversification and product differentiation. On the other hand, some studies investigated the relationship between IT investments and firm performance through some intermediary variables.
For instance, Barua et al. inventory turnover, literature review investments, relative quality, relative prices, and new productsand the impacts of these literature review investments variables on firm performance. The researchers found that IT investment affected most of the intermediate measures as inventory turnover, which affected firm performance, as the latter was measured by return on assets ROA and market share.
Rai et al. Whereas their outputs expressed three different performance items including: firm output sales and value-addedfinancial ROA and ROE and intermediate labour productivity and administrative productivity performance. They found that IT investments partially associated with firm output positively, indicating a lack of a clear correlation between IT investments and business performance, literature review investments.
The explanation of such findings was that financial performance might be significantly affected by variation in the links between IT, business strategy, and competitive context literature review investments firms.
They emphasised that the integration of these contingencies could better explain correlations between IT investments and financial performance. Indeed, studies at the firm level show that the value of IT investments is influenced by the structure, strategy, and business practices of the firms. For example, Weill explained that the quality of management in a firm and its commitment to spend in IT increases the contribution of IT investments to firm performance.
Tallon et al. In addition, Dedrick et al. Thus, if developed models are able to control for more factors that affect profitability, literature review investments IT investments and firm performance could be revealed. Business Transformation through Innovation and Knowledge Management: An Academic Perspective In summary, literature review investments studies failed to capture the positive effects from IT spending, whereas, recent studies discerned more encouraging results.
Also, researchers indicated that productivity enhancements were superior within the manufacturing sector than in the service sectors. In addition, earlier research at the firm level was unable to show that IT investments led to productivity. This is in part because of inadequate data on IT investments, and small sample sizes Brynjolfsson and Hitt,; Brynjolfsson and Yang, Literature review investments has given four explanations of the reasons behind the paradox existence: measurement errors in input and output variables that used in different studies; the lagged effect of IT, due to learning and adjustment; redistribution and dissipation of profits; and mismanagement of IT.
The final reason could occur when managers mimic the investment decisions of other managers, and ignore important information, or the overload negative effect from adopting new technology, which affects the organization strategically structurally. Further, Brynjolfsson and Hitt called for more research into how IT can become more effective, specifically identifying the right mix of growth and innovation strategies, and the business processes and organizational structures that best complement IT investment.
This necessitates the testing of the associations between business and IT strategy, and business and IT structure, with organisational performance. Therefore, the debate on the effects of strategic alignment on firm performance is discussed below. Previous Literature Review on IT-Business Partnership and Firm Performance A number of scholars test the association between strategic alignment and firm performance.
Indeed, in the IT management field, several studies showed a positive relationship between strategic alignment and perceived firm performance e. Sabherwal and Kirs, ; Chan et al. For example, Sabherwal and Kirs used survey data from large academic institutions in the USA to test whether the alignment between organisational strategy and IT capability could enhance firm performance. They found a positive relationship between alignment and perceived performance.
In addition, evidence has literature review investments found by Chan et al. Also, business strategy and IS strategy have a positive impact on business performance.
What makes a good Literature Review?
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